Antibiotic Resistance



Antibiotic Resistance 

Antibiotic drug resistance is developed in the micro-organisms. ICMR is carrying out surveillance of drug resistance to antibiotics through its Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Research Network (AMRSN) in six pathogenic groups
(i) Diarrhoeagenic bacterial organisms (ii) Enteric fever pathogens (iii) Enterobacteriaceae causing sepsis (iv) Gram negative Non-fermenters (v) Gram positives including MRSA (vi) Fungal infections. The data is being collected from CMC, Vellore, JIPMER, Puducherry, PGIMER Chandigarh and AIIMS, New Delhi. The significant findings from last 2 years indicate that Salmonella typhi multidrug resistance (MDR) to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole is showing a downward trend. However, more than 50% of bacterial isolates of Klebsiella spp. and E. coli were found to be resistant to the currently used 3rd generation cephalosporins, but they are sensitive to carbapenams and colistin. There is no data available regarding fatalities reported due to antibiotic resistance.
As informed by ICMR, according to a WHO survey, public health awareness about antimicrobial resistance is very low. The Government’s Programme on containment of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) includes the component of increasing awareness on rational use of antibiotics.
Government of India has signed a Memorandum of Understanding/Agreement for cooperation in health with several countries. AMR has been identified as one of the areas of cooperation in Agreements/ MOUS with some of these countries including Sweden, Netherland and U.K.
During the World Health Assembly in May 2015, the Member States have adopted a Global plan for action on AMR. Further, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Research Council of Norway (RCN), and also initiated collaboration with National Institute of Health, USA (NIH) and Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, USA (CDC) regarding antimicrobial resistance.
In order to strengthen the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the country, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has set up a National Anti-Microbial Resistance Research and Surveillance Network (AMRRSN) to enable compilation of National Data of AMR at different levels of Health Care.
The Drugs and Cosmetic Rule, 1945 were amended in 2013 to incorporate a new Schedule H1 under the said rules containing 46 drugs which include IIIrd and IVth generation antibiotics, anti TB drugs and certain habit forming drugs for having strict control over the sale of these drugs. The Drugs falling under Schedule H1 are required to be sold in the country with the following conditions:
(1)   The supply of a drug specified in Schedule H1 shall be recorded in a separate register at the time of the supply giving the name and address of the prescriber, the name of the patient, the name of the drug and the quantity supplied and such records shall be maintained for three years and be open for inspection.

(2)   The drug specified in Schedule H1 shall be labeled with the symbol Rx which shall be in red and conspicuously displayed on the left top corner of the label, and shall also be labeled with the following words in a box with a red border:-

Schedule H1 Drug-Warning:

-It is dangerous to take this preparation except in accordance with the medical advice.

-Not to be sold by retail without the prescription of a Registered Medical Practitioner.”

Further, Government of India has formulated a national policy for containment of antimicrobial resistance in 2011. A NationalProgramme for Containment of AMR has also been initiated in 12th Five Year Plan with the following objectives:-
§  To establish a laboratory based surveillance system by strengthening laboratories for AMR in the country and to generate quality data on antimicrobial resistance for pathogens of public health importance.

§  To generate awareness among healthcare providers and in the community regarding rational use of antibiotics.


§  To strengthen infection control guidelines and practices and promote rational use of antibiotics.
The Health Minister, Shri J P Nadda stated this in a written reply in the Lok Sabha here today.
1.            
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Assistance To APL Category Patients 
Under the scheme “Health Minister’s Discretionary Grant (HMDG)” of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, financial assistance is provided to patients having annual family income up to Rs.1,00,000/- and below, to defray a part of the expenditure on Hospitalization/treatment in Government Hospital as per guidelines of the scheme.

The quantum of financial assistance granted is as follows:-

I. Rs.50,000/-, if the estimated cost of treatment is up to Rs.1,00,000/-;

II. Rs.75,000/- if the estimated cost of treatment is above Rs.1,00,000/- and up to Rs.1,50,000/-

III. Rs.1, 00,000/- if the estimated cost of treatment is above Rs.1, 50,000/-.

At present, no proposal to raise the ceiling of annual family income for availing assistance under HMDG scheme is under consideration of the Government.

The Health Minister, Shri J P Nadda stated this in a written reply in the Lok Sabha here today. 
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National Population Policy 

As per the latest World Population Prospects released by United Nations (revision 2015), the   estimated   population   of   India   will   be    1419   million    approximately    whereas    China’s population will be approximately 1409 million, by 2022. In spite of the perceptible decline in Total Fertility Rate (TFR) from 3.6 in 1991 to 2.3 in 2013, India is yet to achieve replacement level of 2.1. Twenty four states/UTs have already achieved replacement level of TFR by 2013, while states like UP and Bihar with large population base still have TFR of 3.1 and 3.4 respectively. The other states like Jharkhand (TFR 2.7), Rajasthan (TFR 2.8), Madhya Pradesh (TFR 2.9), and Chhattisgarh (TFR 2.6) continue to have higher levels of fertility and contribute to the growth of population.
The National Population Policy 2000, is uniformly applicable to the whole country. In pursuance of this policy, Government has taken a number of measures under Family Planning Programme and as a result, Population Growth Rate in India has reduced substantially which is evident from the following:-        
i.         The percentage decadal growth rate of the country has declined significantly from 21.5% for the period 1991-2001 to 17.7% during 2001-2011.
ii.     Total Fertility Rate (TFR) was 3.2 at the time when National Population Policy, 2000 was adopted and the same has declined to 2.3 as per Sample registration Survey (SRS) 2013 conducted by the Registrar General of India.
As the existing NPP-2000 is uniformly applicable to all irrespective of religions and communities etc., therefore no proposal is under consideration of the Government to formulate new uniform population policy. The steps taken by the Government under various measures/programme are given below:-
Steps/Measures to Control the Population Growth of India by
the Government of India

 On-going interventions:
·        More emphasis on Spacing methods like IUCD.
·        Availability of Fixed Day Static Services at all facilities.
·        A rational human resource development plan is in place for provision of IUCD, minilap and NSV to empower the facilities (DH, CHC, PHC, SHC) with at least one provider each for each of the services and Sub Centres with ANMs trained in IUD insertion.
·        Quality care in Family Planning services by establishing Quality Assurance Committees at state and   district levels.
·        Improving contraceptives supply management up to peripheral facilities.
·        Demand generation activities in the form of display of posters, billboards and other audio and video materials in the various facilities.
·        National Family Planning Indemnity Scheme’ (NFPIS) under which clients are insured in the eventualities of deaths, complications and failures following sterilization and the providers/ accredited institutions are indemnified against litigations in those eventualities.
·        Compensation scheme for sterilization acceptors - under the scheme MoHFW provides compensation for loss of wages to the beneficiary and also to the service provider (& team) for conducting sterilisations. 
·        Increasing male participation and promotion of Non Scalpel Vasectomy.
·        Emphasis on Miniap Tubectomy services because of its logistical simplicity and requirement of only MBBS doctors and not post graduate gynecologists/surgeons.
·        Accreditation of more private/NGO facilities to increase the provider base for family planning services under PPP.
·        Strong political will and advocacy at the highest level, especially, in States with high fertility rates.
New Interventions under Family Planning Programme
1.                  Scheme for Home delivery of contraceptives by ASHAs at doorstep of beneficiaries: The govt. has launched a scheme to utilize the services of ASHA to deliver contraceptives at the doorstep of beneficiaries. 
2.                  Scheme for ASHAs to ensure spacing in births: The scheme is operational from 16th May, 2012, under this scheme, services of ASHAs to be utilised for counselling newly married couples to ensure delay of 2 years in birth after marriage and couples with 1 child to have spacing of 3 years after the birth of 1st child.  ASHAs are to be paid the following incentives under the scheme:-

a.      Rs. 500/- to ASHA for ensuring spacing of 2 years after marriage.
b.      Rs. 500/- to ASHA for ensuring spacing of 3 years after the birth of 1st child.
c.      Rs. 1000/- in case the couple opts for a permanent limiting method up to 2 children only. The scheme is being implemented in 18 States of the country (8 EAG, 8 NE Gujarat and Haryana).
3.                  Boost to spacing methods by introduction of new method PPIUCD (Post-Partum Intra Uterine Contraceptives Device.
4.                  Introduction of the new device   Cu IUCD 375, which is effective for 5 years. 
5.                  Emphasis on Postpartum Family Planning (PPFP) services with introduction of PPIUCD and promotion of minilap as the main mode of providing sterilisation in the form of post-partum sterilisation to capitalise on the huge cases coming in for institutional delivery under JSY.
Assured delivery of family planning services for both IUCD and sterilisation.
6.                  Compensation for sterilisation acceptors has been enhanced for 11 High Focus States with high TFR.
7.                  Compensation scheme for PPIUCD under which the service provider as well as the ASHAs who escorts the clients to the health facility for facilitating the IUCD insertion are compensated.
8.                  Scheme for provision of pregnancy testing kits at the sub-centres as well as in the drug kit of the ASHAs for use in the communities to facilitate the early detection and decision making for the outcome of pregnancy.

9.                  RMNCH Counselors (Reproductive Maternal New Born and Child Health) availability at the high case facilities to ensure counseling of the clients visiting the facilities.

10.             Celebration of World Population Day 11th July & Fortnight: The event is observed over a month long period, split into fortnight of mobilization/sensitization followed by a fortnight of assured family planning service delivery and has been made a mandatory activity from 2012-13 and starts from 27th June each year.

11.             FP 2020- Family Planning Division is working on the national and state wise action plans so as to achieve FP 2020 goals. The key commitments of FP 2020 are as under :
·        Increasing financial commitment on Family Planning whereby India commits an allocation of 2 billion USD from 2012 to 2020.
·        Ensuring access to family planning services to 48 million (4.8 crore) additional women by 2020 (40% of the total FP 2020 goal).
·        Sustaining the coverage of 100 million (10 crore) women currently using contraceptives.
Reducing the unmet need by an improved access to voluntary family planning services, supplies and information. In addition to above, Jansankhya Sthirata Kosh/National Population Stabilization Fund has adopted the following strategies as a population control measure:-

Prerna Strategy:- JSK has launched this strategy for helping to push up the age of marriage of girls and delay in first child and spacing in second child the birth of children in the interest of health of young mothers and infants. The couple who adopt this strategy awarded suitably. This helps to change the mindsets of the community.

Santushti Strategy:- Under this strategy, Jansankhya Sthirata Kosh, invites private sector gynaecologists and vasectomy surgeons to conduct sterilization operations in Public Private Partnership mode. The private hospitals/nursing home who achieved target to 10 or more are suitably awarded as per strategy.

National Helpline: - JSK also running a call centers for providing free advice on reproductive health, family planning, maternal health and child health etc. Toll free no. is 1800116555.

Advocacy & IEC activities:- JSK as a part of its awareness and advocacy efforts on population stabilization, has established networks and partnerships with other ministries, development partners, private sectors, corporate and professional bodies for  spreading its activities through electronic media, print media, workshop, walkathon, and other multi-level activities etc. at the national, state, district and block level.

The funds released under these programmes/schemes are given below:-

State
2014-15
2015-16
SPIP Approval
SPIP Approval
Bihar
         5,936.19
     10,892.01
Chhattisgarh
         2,221.53
        1,309.51
Himachal Pradesh
            480.00
           464.55
Jammu & Kashmir
            384.97
           358.13
Jharkhand
         3,662.94
        4,214.20
Madhya Pradesh
         6,460.46
        9,629.27
Orissa
         1,956.81
        3,301.23
Rajasthan
         7,417.61
        9,242.44
Uttar Pradesh
         7,815.66
     11,774.84
Uttarakhand
            539.31
           732.14
Sub Total
      36,875.48
     51,918.31



Arunachal Pradesh
              99.68
             85.74
Assam
         1,680.41
        2,231.97
Manipur
              65.76
             73.32
Meghalaya
              67.90
             84.90
Mizoram
              79.67
                   -  
Nagaland
              94.18
             90.00
Sikkim
              22.32
             11.71
Tripura
            148.56
           139.82
Sub Total
         2,258.48
       2,717.46



Andhra Pradesh
         2,902.31
        2,872.13
Goa
              29.39
             27.66
Gujarat
         4,390.48
        5,051.60
Haryana
            825.00
        1,494.15
Karnataka
         2,680.00
        2,527.80
Kerala
            468.34
           467.60
Maharashtra
         3,979.91
        4,496.69
Punjab
            773.17
           743.22
Tamil Nadu
         1,921.09
        2,800.77
Telangana
         2,139.63
        2,120.22
West Bengal
         3,047.04
        1,651.71
Sub Total
      23,156.36
     24,253.55



Andaman and Nicobar Islands
              31.50
             34.45
Chandigarh
              27.06
             25.14
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
              44.55
             31.24
Daman and Diu
                 7.91
             10.10
Delhi
            364.69
           411.79
Lakshadweep
                 2.64
               1.99
Puducherry
              94.97
             49.37
Sub Total
            573.32
          564.08
Grand Total
      62,863.64
     79,453.40

The Health Minister, Shri J P Nadda stated this in a written reply in the Lok Sabha here today.

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Drug Regulations 
In case of export of drugs, Indian pharmaceutical companies are required to comply with the regulatory provisions of the importing country. Isolated reports of the drugs not meeting the prescribed standards have appeared in the media and on the websites of the regulatory authorities of foreign countries etc. from time to time. As per recent media reports, regulatory action has been taken by USFDA against nine Indian pharmaceutical companies. Such instances impact our exports only marginally.

The gaps and weaknesses of our regulatory structures have been identified and the Government has, with a view to strengthen the regulatory regime, approved a proposal to strengthen the drug regulatory structures both at the Centre and in the States at a total cost of Rs.1750/- crore. The strengthening will include construction of new offices and laboratories, re-equipping existing laboratories, additional manpower, training, e-governance modules and IT infrastructure.

With a view to raise the credibility of our drugs, the Department of Commerce has introduced bar coding on secondary and tertiary packs for exports for tracking and tracing the medicines. Once fully implemented, it will remove the chances of someone else selling medical products that are not genuine.

The Health Minister, Shri J P Nadda stated this in a written reply in the Lok Sabha here today. 

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Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana 

The Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) a centrally sponsored health insurance scheme was launched in 2007 and operationalized in April, 2008. This scheme has been transferred from Ministry of Labour and Employment to Ministry of Health and Family Welfare on “as is where is” basis with the effect from 01.04.2015.  At present the Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) is being implemented in 19 States/UTs through insurance mode. The scheme is being funded, both by Centre as well as by the implementing State, on the approved premium. Funds allocation during the last three years and current year i.e. 2012-13 to 2015-16 for release of central share on premium under RSBY is as given below:-

Sl. No.
Year
Budget Estimate (In crore)
1
2012-13
1568.56
2
2013-14
1265.00
3
2014-15
1319.30
4
2015-16
700.00
Total
4852.86

An evaluation study was made by GIZ when RSBY was being implemented by the Ministry of Labour and Employment. Key findings are given below:-
Findings of Evaluation Study by Gesellchaft Fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) on Implementation of RBSY
i. High levels of awareness on eligibility.  However, detailed information about the scheme was found to be lacking.

ii.                 The non-enrolees had to spend more that Rs.17, 000/ per year on an average for hospitalization while RSBY enrolled have spent very less out of pocket payment.

iii.               Access to private hospitals was noted in more than 70 percent of the respondents, both enrolees and non-enrolees.

iv.               90% of the respondents mentioned being highly satisfied with the RSBY Scheme.
Total 3, 68, 36,005 beneficiary families have been covered under RSBY Scheme against the target of 7, 30, 56,515 families in the states implementing RSBY.   Reasons for low enrolment in some States are due to implementation of the scheme by the States in phased manner. The Health Insurance Scheme for weavers by using RSBY platform is implemented only in the State of Tamil Nadu and the budget allocation for the same is made by Ministry of Textiles.
Approval for continuation of RSBY has been granted to the implementing states as required by them. Approval has also been granted to the states for floating of fresh tenders wherever required. All implementing states have been directed to take necessary action in claiming release of central share on premium so that there is no delay in release of central share. 
The Health Minister, Shri J P Nadda stated this in a written reply in the Lok Sabha here today.

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Rural Health Research 


The Department of Health Research has launched a scheme for establishment of Model Rural Health Research Units (MRHRUs) for promoting rural health research. The scheme entails setting up of 15 MRHRUs during the 12th Plan period at a total cost of Rs. 67.67 crores. 
Detailed guidelines have been formulated for establishment of MRHRUs. The scheme has a provision to provide non- recurring grant of Rs. 2.075 crore for construction of building and Rs.1.00 crore for procurement of equipments. Besides, recurring grant of Rs.50.00 lakhs per annum is provisioned to meet expenditure on staffing, consumables, training, contingencies, etc. 
So far, one  MRHRU each have been sanctioned in 12 States, namely, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Karnataka, Punjab, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.
The State-wise position of funds released and expenditure incurred on each MRHRU is given below:-

 (Rs in Lakhs)

S. No.
State
Location of MRHRU
Amount Released
Expenditure Incurred up to 30.11.2015

1
Assam
 Primary Health Centre, Chabua
250.00

112.77
2.
Himachal Pradesh
Community Health Centre, Haroli
300.00

153.79
3.
Rajasthan
Bhanpur Kala, Government Health Clinic, Jaipur
350.00

156.74
4.
Tamil Nadu
State Rural Health Centre at Tirunelveli
350.00
255.18
5.
Tripura
Kherengbar Hospital Khumulwung
250.00
110.16
6.
Karnataka
Primary Health Centre, Sirwar, Manvi Taluk, Raichur
200.00
147.04
7.
Punjab
Community Health Centre Bhunga (Hoshiarpur)
200.00
137.68
8.
Maharashtra
Sub District Hospital (SDH), Dahanu  (Thane)
200.00
126.40
9.
Andhra Pradesh
Old Rural Health Training Centre Premises Chandragiri
200.00
21.24
10.
Odisha
Block Community Health Centre, Tigeria
200.00
100.00
11.
Madhya Pradesh
Primary Health Centre, Badoni, Datia
150.00
0.01

12.
Chhattisgarh
Primary Health Centre, Lekhram Block (Bilaspur)
150.00
0.08

13.
Administrative Grant to I.C.M.R.
40.00
34.00



Total
2840.00
1355.09


The MoS (Health), Shri Shripad Yasso Naik stated this in a written reply in the Lok Sabha here today.

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Setting Up of Medical Colleges 



Details regarding number of government and private medical colleges established during the last three years including current year with intake capacity of MBBS seats are given at below:-
Medical Colleges set up during the year 2013-14
S. No
State
No. of Medical Colleges
set up
No. of MBBS involved
Govt.
Pvt.
Govt.
Pvt.
1
Andhra Pradesh
1
2
100
300
2
Bihar
2
-
200
-
3
Chhattisgarh
1
1
50
150
4
Delhi
1
 -
50
-
5
Haryana
1
-
100
-
6
Himachal Pradesh
-
1
 -
150
7
Karnataka
1
2
100
300
8
Kerala
1
1
100
150
9
Maharashtra
-
1
-
100
10
Odisha
-
1
-
100
11
Tamil Nadu
2
1
200
150
12
Uttar Pradesh
2
1
200
100
13
West Bengal
1
1
100
150

Total
13
12
1200
1650

Medical Colleges set up during the year 2014-15
S. No
State
No. of medical Colleges set up
No. of MBBS seats involved
Govt.
Pvt.
Govt.
Pvt.
1
Andhra Pradesh
2
1
250
150
2
Assam
1
 -
100
-
3
Chhattisgarh
1
-
100
-
4
Karnataka
-
1
-
150
5
Kerala
2
3
150
400
6
Madhya Pradesh
-
1
-
150
7
Maharashtra
-
1
-
150
8
Rajasthan
1
1
100
150
9
Uttar Pradesh
-
2
-
300

Total
7
10
700
1450

Medical Colleges set up during the year 2015-16
S. No
State
No. of medical Colleges set up
No. of MBBS seats involved
Govt.
Pvt.
Govt.
Pvt.
1
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
1
 -
100
-
2
Andhra Pradesh
-
1
-
150
3
Gujarat
2
-
300
-
4
Haryana
1
-
100
-
5
Karnataka
3
-
450
-
6
Madhya Pradesh
-
1
-
150
7
Maharashtra
2
1
100
250
8
Rajasthan
 -
1
-
150
9
Tamil Nadu
1
-
100
-
10
Uttar Pradesh
1
3
100
450

Total
11
7
1250
1150
To meet the shortfall of human resources/facilities in health sector, a Centrally Sponsored Scheme for establishment of New Medical Colleges by upgrading district/referral hospitals has been introduced with focus on underserved areas of the country. 58 districts under the scheme in 20 States/UTs have been identified.
As per the laid down procedure, Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) submitted by the State/UTs are required to be evaluated by a Technical Evaluation Committee (TEC) before they are approved by the Empowered Committee (EC). Implementation is to be carried out by the respective States/UTs. 
The Health Minister, Shri J P Nadda stated this in a written reply in the Lok Sabha here today.

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